Hawaii's false alarm about an incoming ballistic missile. Israel's downing of an Iranian drone over Syria, and the subsequent Syrian downing of an Israeli jet. The U.S, bombing of Russian fighters in Syria.
All happened in 2018, and any could have relatively swiftly sparked a major new confrontation.
An an insistent alarm is being raised over the rising probability the world will trip into its next major conflict rather than deliberately march into it.
Miscalculations, accidents, or plain old human error — they're an inevitable consequence of human interaction on the global stage and there are often channels to deal with them to prevent escalation.
But set against the backdrop of rising global instability and the growing complexity of ongoing, more layered conflicts, experts believe accidents and missteps are more likely — and that they are far more dangerous than they might have been in the past.
Nuclear risk seems higher
Take the risk of nuclear war. It has "never been higher since the Cuban missile crisis," Ernest Moniz, former U.S. secretary of energy and now head of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, said during this weekend's Munich Security Conference.
A B-2 Spirit assigned to the 509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman Air Force Base, taxis on the flightline at Andersen Air Force Base in Guam. The U.S. is beefing up its presence around the Korean Peninsula. (Staff Sgt. Joshua Smoot/U.S. Air Force via Associated Press)
But "the principal risk right now as we see it is not some planned-out, intentional initiation of nuclear use, but rather accident, miscalculation, blunder and that's why the probability is higher."
While not exactly predicting imminent nuclear war, Moniz says fraying relations and waning communication between Russia and the U.S. are prime reasons why these are risky times on the nuclear front.
In its list of top risks for 2018, the Eurasia Group rates accidents as second only to China's growing international influence.
In its report, it said there are "too many places where a misstep or misjudgment could provoke serious international conflict."
One of those places, of course, North Korea, in a region where military exercises on both sides of the Korean divide are the norm, as are missile and nuclear tests. This past fall, at the height of a war of words between Washington and Pyongyang, two American Air force B-1B bombers flew over the peninsula.
Risks in cyberspace
Inevitably accidents are also likely to emerge in existing battlegrounds with multiple players who complicate the picture.
One of those places is in cyberspace.
"We know that we are finding malware in American critical infrastructure," Ian Bremmer, president of global risk consultancy Eurasia group, told CBC.
A view of the newly developed intercontinental ballistic rocket Hwasong-15's test was released last November by North Korea's Korean Central News Agency. Insults between North Korea's Kim Jong-un and U.S. President Trump inflamed tensions. (Reuters)
"The likelihood that that could become a significant escalatory risk is real."
It is conceivable that a cyberattack — or something that looks like one — could ultimately cause huge economic damage, and spark a reaction, or an overreaction — an all-out war — and even claim lives.
But it is still the possibility that battles on the ground, like Syria's, could inadvertently beget new confrontations that keeps many people up at night.
Lot of players on the ground in Syria
The risk of blunders is "definitely elevated because there are a number of governments acting in Syria and they could get into each other accidentally," says Karin Von Hippel, director of the Royal United Services Institute, an independent British think-tank that focuses on security and defence.
Currently engaged in close quarters in and around Syria's civil war, a messy cocktail of opposing forces: Russia, U.S., Turkey, Iran, Israel, Hezbollah, Saudi Arabia, Syrian forces and other non-state actors.
Turkish artillery fires toward Syrian Kurdish positions inside Syria. 'The world is not bipolar anymore, it's multipolar,' says defence expert Dan Smith. (The Associated Press)
And the backdrop on the world stage is discouraging, or at least unhelpful.
"The world is not bipolar anymore, it's multipolar," Dan Smith, director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), said in an interview. "So situations are more complex, more layered."
It's how a missile lobbed from Yemen into Riyadh last year became a regional conflagration that threatened to erupt into all-out war. It ultimately pulled in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Lebanon, and Hezbollah, the militant, Iranian-backed military and political group accused of being behind the attack.
In the background is the heightened tension between Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabia and Shia Muslim Iran.
U.S. stepping away from stabilizing role
In his 2018 risk report, Bremmer too points out that the elevated risk "comes against a less resilient international backdrop."
It is a reference to, among others things, both the U.S.'s retreat on the world stage from its usual stabilizing role — and President Donald Trump's own destabilizing influence.
"We have to recognize that this is the least capable person who has been elected president in the modern era. And that creates dangers," says Bremmer.
Case in point was the unprecedented rhetoric between Trump and North Korea's Kim Jong-Un this past fall, says Moniz.
"With Russia … the main thing is lack of communication. With North Korea, it may be too much communication of a certain tenor.
In a video on the risks in 2018, Bremmer says there hasn't been a major geopolitical accident since the Cuban missile crisis.
"2018 feels like a time when our luck may be running out."
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